Content Of Total Flavonoid Compounds Research Articles

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical compositions of Mucuna pruriens L. in different conditions of time and temperature extraction

Mucuna pruriens L. is a type of legume with high total phenolic and flavonoid compounds and may be a source of antioxidants. Bioactive and chemical components contained in velvet beans were obtained through maceration. Temperature and time of extraction were needed to obtain the optimal extract. The present study aims to explore temperature (30-60°C) and time (120-360 minutes) of the extraction effects on total phenol compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), total tannin compounds (TTC), and the antioxidant capacity: 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical - scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical - scavenging activity (ABTS+-RSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of velvet beans using double factor experiments approach. All of the studies extraction conditions indicated a significant effect (p < 0.05) on yield, TPC, TFC, TTC, DPPH-RSA, ABTS+-RSA, and FRAP. These results pointed that velvet beans extract for 60°C at 360 minutes was the highest content of TPC, TFC, and TTC were obtained with values of 41.78 mg GAE/g, 309,65 mg QE/g, and 237,13 mg TAE/g. The antioxidant capacity was 38.15 mg AAEAC/g on DPPH-RSA, 6.36 mg AAEAC/g on ABTS+-RSA, and 35.06 mM FE2+ /g on FRAP.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIES OF $ARTEMISIA$ GENUS, REPRESENTED IN ARMENIAN FLORA

Plants are valuable sources of antioxidants, which could have beneficial effect on human health. In this respect flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds have gained the greatest attention. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antiradical activity of different extracts (ethanol, hexane, acetone, chlorophorm and methanol) of Artemisia vulgaris L., A. fragrans Willd., A. absinthium L. and A. splendens Willd., represented in Armenian flora. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to measure the radical scavenging activity of extracts obtained from Artemisia species. A. fragrans methanol and chlorophorm extracts possess the highest antiradical activity with IC50 value of 87 µg/mL and 98 µg/mL, respectively. The total flavonoid content in plant extracts was determined employing AlCl3 colorimetric assay. The content of total flavonoid compounds of A. fragrans methanol extract was 15.3±0.3 μg QE/mg. The Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the total phenolic content of studied extracts. The contents of total phenolic compounds of A. fragrans chlorophorm and methanol extracts were 55.9±1.7 μg and 87.3±1.8 μg of GAE/mg, respectively. In the other cases this parameter value was lower than 40 μg of GAE/mg indicated.

EFFECTS OF DRYING METHODS AND SOLVENTS ON PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENT, DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING AND -GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITIES OF Aquilaria LEAVES EXTRACT

Aquilaria is a multipurpose plant with high commercial and medicinal values. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of drying methods and extraction solvents on the phenolic and flavonoids content in A. malaccensis (AMA), A. subintegra (ASU), and A. sinensis (ASI). Leaf samples were either Air-Dried (AD) or Oven-Dried (OD) and extracted using 100% Ethanol (EE100), 70% ethanol (EE70), aqueous (AE), and hexane (HE). There was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the drying methods and the extracting solvents. The OD in AMA leaf samples gave the highest values of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (52.98 – 85.15 mg GAE/gm) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) (2180.97 – 3733.45 QUE ppm). The highest DPPH radical scavenging was observed in OD-EE70-AMA with the IC50 value of 33.60 µg/mL. Meanwhile, OD-EE100-AMA gave the lowest IC50 value (0.13 µg/mL) in the a-glucosidase assay, followed by OD-EE70-AMA with IC50 value 0.69 µg/mL with no significant differences among them. OD-EE70-AMA was found to have a higher content of TPC and TFC with the most potent DPPH scavenging and a-glucosidase inhibition activities. A strong positive correlation was reported between bioassays and TPC or TFC, hence indicating that AMA leaf used in this study might have the potential as a natural antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.

Growth and Flavonoid Content of Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr. in Different Soil Water Content

Gynura procumbens contains tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, essential oils and flavonoids which have bioactivity as a medicine for various diseases. One effort to obtain the quality of medicinal plants uses management of soil water content. The opti-mum of soil water content will support optimal growth of a plant. Whereas in conditions of low soil water content resulted in the induc-tion of the production of secondary metabolites as a self-defense sys-tem. This study aimed to determine the effect of soil moisture content on the growth and total content of plant flavonoids G. procumbens. This study was carried out experimentally using a one-factor com-plete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with five replications. The treatment used is the difference in soil water content of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% field capacity. The data obtained in the form of quantitative data will be analyzed by One Way ANOVA Test. Measurement of the content of total flavonoid compounds was car-ried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The results of the study indicate the influence of soil moisture level on the growth and total content of G. procumbens. Parameter growth of fresh weight, dry weight, and root G. procumbens showed an increase in 40% soil water content. The flavonoid content showed the highest total flavo-noid content 18.884 mg/g in the 40% field capacity soil water content 

Different Extraction Solvents and Sample Preparation Methods Affect the Antioxidant Activities and Total Phenol Contents of Theobroma Cacao Powder (P01-016-19)

ObjectivesCacao(Theobroma cacao) has been widely consumed since more than 4000 years ago which was regarded as sacred food. Cacao has been considered as a strong antioxidant due to its abundant phenolic and especially flavonoid contents. In this experiment, different extraction solvents and methods were used to analyze whether these factors affect the antioxidant activities and phytochemical compounds of cacao powder extracts. MethodsFour different cacao extract samples were examined to identify their anti-oxidative activities; raw cacao powder extracted in 70% methanol solution(RM), raw cacao powder extracted in 80% ethanol solution(RE), freeze dried cacao powder extracted in 70% methanol solution(FM), freeze dried cacao powder extracted in 80% ethanol solution(FE). Total phenolic compound content was calculated based on gallic acid standard curve and total flavonoid content was calculated based on the standard curve of quercetin. ABTS scavenging activity was experimented with ABTS reagent diluted by PBS(pH7.4) to make the O.D. value 0.7 ± 0.02 at 734 nm before using 2.5 mM ABTS. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was assessed by 1 mM DPPH methanol solution. ResultsThe contents of total phenol compounds were 45.4 mg GAE/g(RM), 37.3 mg GAE/g(RE), 50.6 mg GAE/g(FM), and 52.7 mg GAE/g(FE). The contents of total flavonoid compounds were 34.3 mg QE/g(RM), 29.7 mg QE/g(RE), 85.1 mg QE/g(FM), and 89.7 mg QE/g(FE). FM group showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity which is a marker of antioxidant activity but the other sample groups represented almost as high ABTS radical scavenging activity as FM group. RM group showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity which is also a marker of antioxidant activity. ConclusionsThe results show that different extract solvents and sample preparation methods affect DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents of cacao powder extracts. Therefore, appropriate methods should be applied according to the purpose of the study. Funding SourcesDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Republic of Korea.

추출온도에 따른 이팝나무 과육 물 추출물의 항산화 및 항노화 활성

The fringe tree, Chionanthus retusus (Oleaceae) has been used as a natural remedy that helps a paralytic stroke, dementia, phlegm and malaria. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of water extracts obtained from the flesh of C. retusus by reflux extraction at room temperature and 80°C, and pressure heating extraction at 110°C, for an increment of their practical use. The highest extraction yield from the flesh of C. retusus was 67.94% extract by pressure heating extraction at 110°C. The content of total polyphenol compounds was the highest by 72.71 mg/g in 80°C extract by reflux extraction. The highest content of total flavonoid compounds was 7.60 mg/g at 110°C extract. The results of soluble protein and reducing sugar contents showed the highest content of 4.93 mg/g and 46.77 mg/g in 110°C extract, respectively. In the analysis of DPPH radical scavenging activity, all extracts showed an excellent effect of 92% in 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The highest effect of ABTS radical scavenging activity was 88.67% at 110°C extraction in 1.0 mg/mL concentration. Nitrite scavenging ability was the highest as 66.16% at 110°C extract at pH 1.2 and 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The results of SOD-like activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities showed the highest effect of 14.95% and 59.45% at 110°C extract in 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition activity for whitening effect was the highest of 35.31% at 85°C in 1.0 mg/mL. In the analysis of anti-aging effect, collagenase and elastase inhibition activity showed the highest effects of 37.78% at 110°C and 20.39% at 80°C, respectively. All results of antioxidant activities and anti-aging effects increased along with the concentration increases. These results indicated that the extracts extracted from the flesh of C. retusus at 80°C and 110°C have a large amount of useful ingredients, an excellent antioxidant activity, like as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and anti-aging effects to develop functional products than those of 25°C.

Antifungal activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of medicinal plants

The following plants were screened for thew study viz., Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) which were traditionally used in India to treat various diseases. In evaluating antioxidant property and phytochemical analysis, all three plants were screened for antifungal activity. It was evaluated using Well diffusion method. The extracts were tested against fungus Aspergillus niger. Inhibition of fungal growth was investigated using PDA well diffusion method. The contents of total flavonoid compounds in crude methanolic and ethanolic extracts obtained fromOcimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Asparagus racemosus leaves. How to view point the article : Singh, Hariom Kumar, Prakash, Indra, Kumar, Varun, Gupta, Saurabh and Charan, Amit Alexander (2016). Antifungal activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of medicinal plants. Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(2) : 474-478,DOI : 10.15740/HAS/ IJPP/9.2/474-478.

조리 과정 중 시금치의 항산화 활성 및 항균 활성의 변화

This study is conducted to investigate the yield of extract, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compound contents, free radical scavenging activities (DPPH assay, ABTS assay), reducing power (Oyaizu`s assay, FRAP assay) and antimicrobial activities of spinach according to various cooking methods (non-blanched, blanched, seasoned). The yield of non-blanched spinach is 1.64% and the extract yield of blanched spinach is 1.49%, and on the other hand, the yield of seasoned spinach is 6.01%. Total polyphenol contents of seasoned spinach is recorded as GAE/100 g FW, non-blanched spinach GAE/100 g FW, and blanched spinach GAE/100 g FW. From the total flavonoids, seasoned spinach extracts ( CE/100 g FW) showed higher total flavonoid contents than non-blanched. Total antioxidant activities (DPPH assay, ABTS assay, FRAP assay, reducing power) are shown to be in the order of seasoned spinach > non-blanched spinach > blanched spinach. In the antimicrobial activities, non-blanched spinach (5, 10 mg/disc) showed antimicrobial activity against S. enterica and P. aeruginosa. The inhibition zone diameter from extracts of blanched spinach has not been detected. Seasoned spinach indicated antimicrobial activity only against P. aeruginosa (8.15 mm) at 10 mg/disc. If we are to eat a lot of non-blanched spinach, it would cause calculus. Blanching helps to prevent against calculus, since the blanching process can remove various amounts of oxalic acids. The overall results of this study demonstrate that seasoned cooked spinach would be the most efficient way of ingestion to consume antioxidant compounds.

우산나물 뿌리와 지상부 열수 추출물의 항산화 활성

This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidant properties of hot water extract from the root and aerial part of the Syneilesis palmata in respect to its potential use as food, cosmetics material, or medicinal resource. The results showed that the S. palmata root hot water extract (RHW) possessed a higher content of total flavonoid compounds (4.58 mg/g) and total polyphenol compounds (59.11 mg/g). The SOD-like activities of the RHW and APHW were 23.74% and 21.61%, respectively, at a concentration 2,000 ug/mL. In the nitrite scavenging ability of a 2,000 μg/mL concentration, the RHW showed 63.06% (pH 1.2) and 47.16% (pH 3.0). The IC50 values of the nitrite scavenging abilities were 99.93 μg/mL (ascorbic acid), 1,150.85 μg/mL (RHW), and 1,610.25 μg/mL (APHW). The IC50 values of DPPH free radical scavenging abilities were 99.87 μg/mL (RHW) and 118.29 μg/mL (APHW). The inhibition values (IC50) of xanthine oxidase were 139.62 μg/mL (RHW) and 111.11 μg/mL (APHW). In all of the experiments, the S. palmata root hot water extracts have higher activities than the aerial hot water extract, except for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the S. palmata is a potentially useful antioxidant source for the development of functional nutraceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.

Comparison of Flavonoid Profiles between Leaves and Stems of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Calystegia soldanella&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Calystegia japonica&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Two species of Calystegia, C. soldanella and C. japonica which both are vine perennials belong to Convolvulaceae habituated in extremely different environment. In order to elucidate the effect of flavonoids to tolerate environmental stress we chose a sand-dune plant C. soldanella, under unfavorable conditions such as nutrients deficiency, strong irradiance, and broad differences of temperature during day and night and compared this plant with C. japonica habituated under mild environment. Several kinds of flavonoids were found in both plants. Especially, quercetin glycosides and kaempferol glycosides were found as major flavonols in both plants. In C. soldanella, kaempferol 3-O-galacto-sidee-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-digalactoside-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside-7-O-galactoside and 4’-hydroxyflavone 7-O-glucoside were found. While in C. japonica, quercetin 3-O-galactoside 7-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3,7-O-digalactoside and kaempferol 3-O-galactoside 7-O-glucoside were found. Also, kaempferol glycoside was a major flavonol in C. soldanella, in contrast to quercetin glycoside as major flavonol in C. japonica. The content of total phenolic compounds was similar in two species but the content of total flavonoid compounds was higher by 1.5 times in C. japonica than that of C. soldanella.